危险驾驶罪强制措施的司法应用/黄太银

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-08 11:33:27   浏览:8671   来源:法律资料网
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《刑法修正案(八)》第22条新增了危险驾驶罪,其主刑只设定了拘役刑罚,刑罚低轻,刑种单一,为刑法诸罪刑罚设置的独一无二。司法实践中,刑种单一或可给科刑带来某种程度的方便,但在强制措施的采取上,却打破司法常态,凸显出其特殊性,简而不便。笔者在此谈谈拙见,敬请指正。
一、依法不能适用刑事诉讼法第60条规定的逮捕措施
至刑法修正案(八),我国刑法罪名已达到451个。非常有意思的是,除危险驾驶罪外,对其他450种犯罪的犯罪嫌疑人或被告人都可以做到“一押到底”,即从立案侦查开始到交付执行,可以通过相继采取拘留和逮捕措施,使犯罪嫌疑人或被告人一直处于羁押状态中。这对犯罪嫌疑人或被告人来说无疑是严厉的,但对司法机关来说却能保证犯罪嫌疑人或被告人一直在案,最大限度地保障刑事诉讼的顺利进行。所以司法机关往往“偏爱”逮捕措施,在一定程度上导致谦抑性原则受损。危险驾驶罪的法定刑是其区别于其他犯罪的关键所在,从而决定对该罪犯罪嫌疑人或被告人排斥刑事诉讼法第60条规定的“可能判处徒刑以上刑罚”条件(即逮捕罪责条件或刑罚条件),导致整个刑事诉讼中不能采取该逮捕措施。尽管危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人在侦查阶段可因刑拘而受羁押,接下来就得因不能采取逮捕措施而变更为非羁押性强制措施,无法“一押到底”。
刑事诉讼法第60条规定的逮捕必须同时具备三项条件:(1)犯罪事实条件,即“有证据证明有犯罪事实”;(2)罪责条件,即“可能判处徒刑以上刑罚”;(3)社会危险性条件,即“采取取保候审、监视居住等方法,尚不足以防止发生社会危险性,而有逮捕必要”。对逮捕该当性的评价,取决于上述条件的认定,刑事诉讼法第60条规定的本身就蕴涵着一定的审查规则,犯罪事实条件为首选,罪责条件次之,而社会危险性条件则是再次之,逐一满足方可。但只要有一个条件不能满足即可作出否定性评价。而作出逮捕否定性评价要注意优先适用法律及司法解释的特别规定。如根据最高人民检察院1996年12月31日《关于审查逮捕和公诉工作贯彻刑诉法若干问题的意见》(高检发研字[1997]1号)规定,只要具有刑事诉讼法第15条规定的情形之一的,就应不予批准逮捕。刑事诉讼法第15条的规定有四项均属排斥逮捕罪责条件的情形。新增的危险驾驶罪,其法定最高刑罚为拘役6个月,不可能判处徒刑以上刑罚,也应属于排斥逮捕罪责条件的法律特别规定,可谓法定不能捕。
因此,对危险驾驶案犯罪嫌疑人或被告人采取强制措施,必须充分注意到这种犯罪刑罚规定的特殊性,防止错误采取刑事诉讼法第60条规定的逮捕措施。对公安机关仅就涉嫌危险驾驶罪,对犯罪嫌疑人适用刑事诉讼法第60条的规定提请批准逮捕的,检察机关只需以“不能判处徒刑以上刑罚”为由,即可不予批准逮捕。反之,如果检察机关、审判机关批准或决定逮捕,则属违法采取刑事强制措施。对这种错捕,应当依法纠正。如,2011年5月11日,遵义县检察院以涉嫌危险驾驶罪对醉酒驾驶机动车的犯罪嫌疑人冉某作出批准逮捕决定,使得冉某成为“醉驾入刑”以来该院批捕的首名醉酒驾驶的机动车驾驶员 。①笔者认为,该案审查时就没有注意到危险驾驶罪刑事规范存在的否定逮捕罪责条件的法定因素,对冉某作出批准逮捕决定显然是错误的。当然,这种错捕不在国家赔偿之列,因为国家赔偿法第17条规定的错捕赔偿范围只限于被撤销案件、存疑不起诉和宣告无罪的错捕,其以没有犯罪事实为提前条件。
二、违反刑事诉讼法第56条或第57条的规定可予逮捕
对涉嫌危险驾驶罪的犯罪嫌疑人或被告人不采取逮捕措施,是相对而言的。因为刑事诉讼法不止是以第60条规定了一种逮捕,还以第56条和第57条规定了违反取保候审或监视居住义务的另一种逮捕。前者是以实体违法为前提,是司法实践中常用的普通逮捕;后者以程序违法为前提,如被取保候审人、被监视居住人擅自离开住处、指定居所或所居住的市、县,擅自会见他人,传讯不到案,干扰证人作证,毁灭、伪造证据或者串供等严重违反刑事诉讼秩序情形,是司法实践中少用的特殊逮捕。从法理上讲,危险驾驶案件排斥采取普通逮捕,但并不排斥采取特殊逮捕。
危险驾驶案件属于轻罪案件,既然无需采取普通逮捕,那为何还有采取特殊逮捕一说呢?因为特殊逮捕对危险驾驶案件也同样具有保障诉讼作用。司法实践中,危险驾驶案件一进入起诉、审判阶段,就应对犯罪嫌疑人或被告人采取取保候审或监视居住措施,但司法机关却无法保证都能自觉接受审查或审判,难免有的犯罪嫌疑人或被告人在取保候审或监视居住过程中潜逃或传讯不到案,造成刑事诉讼中止。刑事强制措施的功能在于保障刑事诉讼顺利进行,当采取非羁押性强制措施不足保障时,羁押性强制措施就取而代之,当羁押性强制措施过而欠当时,就应变更为非羁押性强制措施,强制措施的非羁押型与羁押型之间具有互补作用。对于被取保候审或监视居住的危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人,违反刑事诉讼法第56条或第57条规定的义务,达到最高人民检察院1999年9月21日《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则》(高检发释字〔1999〕9号)第53条或第68条规定的标准 ,②就应当依法采取特殊逮捕。特殊逮捕正好解决了危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人在审查起诉和审判阶段逃跑,司法机关需要采取羁押措施的法律障碍,弥补了采取普通逮捕法定不能的不足。刑事诉讼法第123条第1款规定:“应当逮捕的犯罪嫌疑人如果在逃,公安机关可以发布通缉令,采取有效措施,追捕归案。”如果要通缉在逃的危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人,针对“应当逮捕”条件,也只有采取刑事诉讼法第56条或第57条规定的特殊逮捕才能于法有据。
三、公安机关刑拘释放时应及时变更强制措施
《刑法修正(八)》自今年5月1日实施以来,全国各地已陆续判处了一批醉驾型危险驾驶罪案件,其显著特点之一就是快审快结,诉讼期限短。如,山东醉驾判刑第一人张某,5月5日晚被查获,5月9日即被梁山县人民法院判处拘役2个月,并处罚金2000元,诉讼用时仅为3日(周六、周日除外) 。③由此刑事司法与理论界有人提出要探讨建立新的快速审理机制。笔者认为,醉驾、飙车入罪作为倍受公众关注的新型犯罪,司法机关在生效伊始以快速查处带来轰动效应,时过半月就已收到全国酒驾案件大幅度下降的预期效果,无疑是值得充分肯定的。但司法应保持理性,在追求高办案效率的同时,一定要注意严格程序,求快不违法,正确采取强制措施。司法实践应把握以下几个问题:
1、公安机关不应不变更强制措施而移送审查起诉
根据刑事诉讼法第61条的规定,公安机关对正在实行危险驾驶或者在危险驾驶后即时被发觉的犯罪嫌疑人,有权对其刑事拘留3日,特殊情况还可以延长4日。虽然公安机关认为应对危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人移送审查起诉,以追究刑事责任,但公安机关不能一如其他犯罪案件那样,认为需要逮捕的,在拘留期限内,依法办理提请批准逮捕手续,而只能解除刑拘措施,予以释放。这里需要注意的是,公安机关释放危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人时,必须变更强制措施,理由是:
第一、公安部1998年5月14日《公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定》(公安部令第35号)第113条第2项规定“应当追究刑事责任,但不需要逮捕的,依法办理取保候审或者监视居住手续后,直接向人民检察院移送起诉”。根据这一规定,刑拘释放后不变更为保候审或者监视居住措施而移送审查起诉危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人,就属违反公安机关办案程序。
第二、只有在采取取保候审或者监视居住强制措施的前提下,才能在后来不得已的情况下启动特殊逮捕程序。拘释放后不采取任何强制措施,一旦危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人逃跑,司法机关就无法律依据对其缉拿到案,危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人也不会因逃跑行为而承担什么法律责任。采取取保候审或者监视居住强制措施在起诉和审判阶段显得尤为重要。
2、检察机关和审判机关不能共享刑拘期限办案
从司法实践来看,不少醉驾案件是现场查获、当场抽血取证、被告人认罪而适用简易程序的案件,完全可以在有限的刑拘期限内完成侦查、起诉和审判等刑事诉讼活动。也许会有人认为,既然不能采取普通逮捕,审查起诉和审判阶段变更强制措施又麻烦,干脆占用公安机关的刑拘时间将案件审结,岂不快捷省事。笔者认为,刑拘期限是侦查专用期限,起诉与审判阶段占用于法无据,如果公安机关在未变更刑拘措施的情况下直接移送审查起诉,以便检察机关及审判机关在法定刑拘期限审结,无疑是违法的,应当严格禁止这种非法占用或“借用”。
3、检察机关和审判机关应当重新办理取保候审手续
根据最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、国家安全部1999年8月4日《关于取保候审若干问题的规定》(公通字[1999]59号)第22条的规定,对危险驾驶犯罪嫌疑人或被告人在侦查或审查起诉阶段已经采取取保候审的,案件移送至审查起诉或者审判阶段时,如果需要继续取保候审,或者需要变更保证方式或强制措施的,受案机关应当在7日内作出决定。而且根据该《规定》的第23条规定,原决定机关收到受案机关的变更强制措施决定后,还应当立即办理解除取保候审手续。
四、审判机关不能依据未生效的刑事判决进行收押
根据刑事诉讼法第213条的规定,危险驾驶罪犯因被判处拘役,应由公安机关执行。而根据公安部2008年2月29日《看守所留所执行刑罚罪犯管理办法》(公安部令第98号,以下简称《管理办法》)第2条第2款规定,被判处拘役的罪犯,由看守所执行刑罚。拘役必须羁押执行,没有被逮捕的危险驾驶罪罪犯判决生效时怎么收押呢?早在1980年12月11日最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部对四川省高级人民法院、人民检察院、公安厅所作的《对于未逮捕的罪犯可根据判决书等文书收监执行的批复》(高检刑字[1980]第66号)就已经规定,对于判处拘役或者有期徒刑以上刑罚而未逮捕的罪犯,公安机关可根据刑事案件执行通知书和已发生法律效力的判决书,收进劳改、拘役场所执行,不另办理逮捕手续。最高人民法院1998年9月2日《关于执行若干问题的解释》(法释〔1998〕23号)第350条又规定:“罪犯需要羁押执行刑罚,而判决确定前罪犯没有被羁押的,人民法院应当根据生效的判决书或者裁定书将罪犯羁押,并送交公安机关。”对此,公安部《管理办法》第8条也有相应规定,看守所在收到交付执行的人民法院送达的人民检察院起诉书副本和人民法院判决书、裁定书、执行通知书、结案登记表的当日,应当办理罪犯收押手续。上述规定非常明确,无需办理逮捕手续,可凭生效刑事判决收押危险驾驶罪犯以执行拘役刑罚。
但是,对没有逮捕的涉嫌危险驾驶罪被告人在一审判决宣告后的上诉期限内,或者二审终审判决宣告前,审判机关能否凭借未生效的一审判决对其收押呢?结论是不能。因为收押必须持有相应的法律羁押手续,未生效的刑事判决文书不在法律及司法解释规定的法定依据之列。按照最高人民检察院1996年12月31日《关于刑事诉讼法律监督工作贯彻刑诉法若干问题的意见》(高检发研字[1997]1号)的规定,即使公安机关采取过逮捕措施,但变更逮捕措施后,需要逮捕犯罪嫌疑人,也应当重新报捕,而不能自行决定收监。同理,检察机关、审判机关也存在重新决定逮捕的必要。司法实践中,其他犯罪的被告人被一审法院宣告判处监禁性刑罚时,会当庭立即收押。当庭收押所依据的是经法院决定的逮捕措施,而非未生效的一审判决。可此时对被宣告犯有危险驾驶罪的被告人既不能采取普通逮捕,也因没有违反取保候审或监视居住义务而不能采取特殊逮捕,故仍然不能收押。相对来说,一审法院既然判处的拘禁性的拘役刑,但却不能予以收押,还有对被告人失控的风险,未生效的有罪判决文书的拘束力还比不上一张逮捕证,审判机关对此是无奈的,但在现有的刑事诉讼框架下,只能让涉嫌危险驾驶罪被告人继续处于非羁押性的强制措施状态之下。当然,如果最高人民法院制定相关司法解释,规定审判机关可依据判处拘禁性刑罚的一审未生效刑事判决而无需采取逮捕措施即可收押被告人,则能从刑事立法上解决这一司法尴尬的局面。

注释:
①源于中国西部开发网,2011-5-12,《贵州省遵义县首名醉驾犯罪嫌疑人被捕》一文。
②最高人民检察院《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则》第53条规定:“对下列违反取保候审规定的犯罪嫌疑人,应当予以逮捕:
“(一)企图自杀、逃跑,逃避侦查、审查起诉的;
“(二)实施毁灭、伪造证据或者串供、干扰证人作证行为,足以影响侦查、审查起诉工作正常进行的;
“(三)未经批准,擅自离开所居住的市、县,造成严重后果,或者两次未经批准,擅自离开所居住的市、县的;
“(四)经传讯不到案,造成严重后果,或者两次经传讯不到案的。”
第68条第2款规定:“下列违反监视居住规定的行为,属于情节严重,对犯罪嫌疑人应当予以逮捕:
“(一)故意实施新的犯罪行为的;
“(二)企图自杀、逃跑,逃避侦查、审查起诉的;
“(三)实施毁灭、伪造证据或者串供、干扰证人作证行为,足以影响侦查、审查起诉工作正常进行的;
“(四)未经批准,擅自离开住处或者指定的居所,造成严重后果,或者两次未经批准,擅自离开住处或者指定的居所的;
“(五)未经批准,擅自会见他人,造成严重后果,或者两次未经批准,擅自会见他人的;
“(六)经传讯不到案,造成严重后果,或者两次经传讯不到案的。”
③源于《大众网》,2011-5-11,《山东醉驾入刑第一人 济宁张某判拘役两月》一文。


* 作者系海南省人民检察院第二分院检察委员会委员、公诉二处长。
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附件:国家税务总局关于贯彻实施税收征管法及其实施细则
若干问题的规定

国家税务总局关于贯彻实施税收征管法及其实施细则若干问题的规定

规定
为了保证《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》(以下简称《征管法》)和《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法实施细则》(以下简称《细则》)的贯彻实施,现就有关问题规定如下:
一、关于税务登记
根据《细则》第五条的规定,非从事生产、经营的纳税人,除临时取得应税收入或发生应税行为以及只缴纳个人收入调节税、个人所得税、车船使用税的外,都应当自有关部门批准之日起三十日内或自依照法律、行政法规的规定成为法定纳税义务人之日起三十日内,按照《征管法》和《细则》规定的程序及要求,向税务机关申报办理税务登记,税务机关审核后发给税务登记证件。
纳税人办理税务登记时,应按其生产、经营所在地税务机关确定的管辖范围,向其主管税务机关申报办理。税务机关应当在规定时间内予以办理;对不符合规定的,也应给予答复。
税务登记证件分为:税务登记证及其副本和注册税务登记证及其副本。对从事生产经营并经工商行政管理部门核发营业执照的纳税人核发税务登记证及其副本;但对纳税人非独立核算的分支机构及按照本条第一款规定应当办理税务登记的纳税人,核发注册税务登记证及其副本。
纳税人领取税务登记证件后,应当在其生产、经营场所内明显、易见的地方张挂,亮证经营。外出经营的纳税人应当携带税务登记证或注册税务登记证的副本。
税务机关对已发的税务登记证件,应当一年验证一次,三年更换一次。具体验证时间由省、自治区、直辖市税务局统一确定,换证时间由国家税务总局统一规定。
涉外税务登记证件的种类,验、换证时间,暂按国税发〔1993〕021号文执行。
二、关于延期申报
经税务机关批准可以延期办理纳税申报的纳税人,除因不可抗力原因外,都应当在规定的申报期限内,按照上期实际缴纳的税额或者按税务机关核定的税额预缴税款,并在批准的延期内办理纳税结算。
三、关于延期缴纳税款
根据《征管法》第二十条第一款的规定,纳税人因有特殊困难,不能按期缴纳税款的,应当在规定的缴纳期限内,向主管税务机关提出书面申请,并经县以上税务局(分局)批准后,方可延期缴纳税款,但对延期缴纳税款的时间最长不得超过三个月。
四、关于核定税额
根据《征管法》第二十三条和《细则》第三十五条的规定,税务机关可以采取核定税额的方法征收税款。核定税额,是对纳税人当期或以前纳税期应纳税额的确定。但对依照规定可以不设置帐簿的纳税人,税务机关可以核定其下期应纳税额,即采取定期定额的方法征收税款。
五、关于扣押、查封商品、货物或者其他财产的价值计算
根据《征管法》第二十五、二十六、二十七条的规定,税务机关在实施扣押、查封时,按以下方法计算应扣押、查封的商品、货物或其他财产的价值:
(一)扣押、查封商品、货物时,以当地当日市场最低收购价计算。
(二)扣押、查封金银首饰等贵重物品时,按照国家专营机构公布的收购价计算。
(三)扣押、查封不动产时,按当地财产评估机构评估的价值计算。
税务机关按上述方法确定应扣押、查封的商品,货物或其他财产的数量时,还应当包括在扣押、查封、保管、拍卖等过程中所发生的费用。
六、关于纳税担保财产价值的计算
根据《征管法》及其《细则》的规定,纳税人可以未设置抵押权的财产或委托他人提供纳税担保。纳税人或纳税担保人以自有的未设置抵押权的财产作纳税担保时,其价值折算方法按前条规定的原则办理。
七、关于税款的抵缴
按《征管法》及其《细则》的规定,税务机关可将所扣押、查封的商品,货物或其他财产拍卖后取得的收入抵缴税款、滞纳金。对拍卖收入超过应抵缴税款、滞纳金和保管、拍卖费用的部分,在扣除应交税收罚款后的剩余部分,税务机关应当退还给当事人;对不足抵缴税款、滞纳金的,税务机关应当依法补征。
八、关于纳税人拒绝接受扣缴税款的处理
根据《征管法》第十九条第二款的规定,扣缴义务人对纳税人拒绝扣缴的,应当在二十四小时内向税务机关报告,由税务机关依照《征管法》的规定处理。
九、关于税收保全措施的解除
根据《征管法》第二十五条、第二十六条的规定,纳税人在税务机关采取税收保全措施后按照税务机关规定的期限缴纳税款的,税务机关应当在收到税款或银行转回的税票后二十四小时内解除税收保全。
十、关于多缴税款的退还
根据《征管法》第三十条的规定,税务机关对多征税款需退还给纳税人的,应于发现或接到纳税人申报退款书之日起六十日内予以退还,也可按纳税人的要求抵缴下期应纳税款。
十一、关于减免税管理
根据《征管法》第二十一条的规定,纳税人申请减税、免税,应当向主管税务机关提出书面报告,并按规定附送有关资料。经税务机关按规定权限审核批准后,方可享受减税、免税。减税、免税期满,应当自期满次日起恢复纳税。
纳税人在享受减税、免税期间,应当按照《征管法》第十六条第一款的规定办理纳税申报,并按税务机关的规定报送减免税金统计报告。
纳税人必须按照法律、行政法规以及税务机关的规定使用减免税金,对不按规定用途使用的,税务机关有权取消其减税、免税,并追回已减免的税款。
纳税人享受减税、免税的条件发生变化时,应当及时向税务机关报告,经税务机关审核后,停止其减税、免税;对不报告的,税务机关有权追回相应已减免的税款。
纳税人骗取减税、免税的,一律按偷税论处。
十二、本规定自公布之日起执行。

NOTICE ON ISSUING THE STIPULATIONS OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION OFTAXATION ON SOME ISSUES CONCERNING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW OF TAX COL-LECTION AND MANAGEMENT AND DETAILED RULES FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION

(State Administration of Taxation: 2, November 1993 Guo Shui Fa[93] No. 117)

Whole Doc.
To the tax bureaus of various provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities and the tax bureaus of various cities with separate
planning:
The Stipulations of the State Administration of Taxation On Some
Issues Concerning Implementation of the Law of Tax Collection and
Management and Detailed Rules for Its Implementation are hereby printed
and issued to you, please put them into practice in real earnest.
Appendix: Stipulations of the State Administration of Taxation On
Some Issues Concerning Implementation of the Law of Tax Collection and
Management and Detailed Rules for Its Implementation
A duplicate is sent to: The Ministry of Finance

STIPULATIONS OF THE STATE ADMINISTRATION OF TAXATION ON SOME IS- SUES CONCERNING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW OF TAX COLLECTION AND MANA- GEMENT AND DETAILED RULES FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION
In order to ensure implementation of the Law of the People's Republic
of China for Tax Collection and Management (hereinafter referred to as Law
of Tax Collection and Management and the Detailed Rules for Implementation
of the Law of the People's Republic of China for Tax Collection and
Management, related questions are hereby stipulated as follows:

I. Tax Registration
In accordance with the stipulations of ARTICLE 5 of the Detailed
Rules, tax payers who are not engaged in production and management, apart
from temporarily gaining taxable income or having dutiable conducts as
well as only paying personal income regulatory tax and personal income
tax, and vehicle and vessel license tax, shall all, within 30 days from
the day of approval granted by the department concerned or within 30 days
from the day they become legal tax payers according to the stipulations of
laws and administrative regulations, report to, and perform the procedures
for tax registration, at tax authorities in accordance with the Law for
Tax Collection and Management and the procedures and requirements
stipulated in the Detailed Rules and shall be issued a tax registration
certificate after examination and approval by tax authorities.
While performing the procedures for tax registration, the tax payer
shall report to, and perform procedures at, the competent tax authorities
in line with the scope of jurisdiction defined by the tax authorities in
the location of his or her production and management. The tax authorities
shall handle the matter for him or her within the specified time, and
shall give a reply to those whose case does not fit the stipulations.
Tax registration certificates are classified into: Tax registration
certificate and its duplicate and registered tax registration certificate
and its duplicate. Tax payer who engages in production and management and
who is issued a business license by the administrative department for
industry and commerce shall be issued a tax registration certificate and
its duplicate, but to the branch of the tax payer which is not engaged in
independent accounting, as well as tax payer who shall perform the
procedures for tax registration in line with the stipulations of Clause 1
of this article shall be issued a registered tax registration certificate
and its duplicate.
After receiving the tax registration certificate, the tax payer shall
engage in operation by putting up and display the certificate in the
conspicuous, easily visible place of his or her production and operational
site. Tax payer who engages in operation in another place shall bring with
him or her their tax registration certificate or the duplicate of the
registered tax registration certificate.
Tax authorities shall check the already issued tax registration
certificate once a year and change it once every three years. The concrete
time for checking the certificate shall be determined in a unified way by
the tax bureaus of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and
the time for changing the certificate shall be stipulated in a unified way
by the State Administration of Taxation.
The category of tax registration certificate related to foreign
countries and the time for checking and changing certificates shall be
carried out temporarily in accordance with the Document Guo Shui Fa (1993)
No. 021.

II. Postponement of Declaration
The tax payer who is approved by tax authorities postponement of
declaration of tax payment, except for irresistible reasons, shall, within
the specified declaration period, pay tax in advance in accordance with
the actually paid tax amount of the previous period or with the tax amount
verified and fixed by tax authorities, and shall perform taxation
settlement within the approved extended period.

III. Deferred Tax Payment
In line with the stipulations of Clause 1 of ARTICLE 20 of the Law
for Tax Collection and Management, tax payer who cannot pay tax on
schedule due to special difficulty shall, within the specified tax paying
period, present a written application to the competent tax authorities and
can postpone paying tax only with approval from the tax bureau
(sub-bureau) at or above the county level, but the longest time for
deferred tax payment shall not exceed three months.

IV. Verifying and Fixing Tax Amount
In line with the stipulations of ARTICLE 23 of the Law for Tax
Collection and Management and ARTICLE 35 of the Detailed Rules, tax
authorities may levy taxes by adopting the method of verifying and fixing
the tax amount. Verifying and fixing tax amount means determining the
dutiable tax amount of the tax payer's current or previous tax period. But
for the tax payer who may not set up an account book in accordance with
stipulations, tax authorities may verify and fix his next period dutiable
tax amount, that is, levying tax by the method of fixed term and fixed
amount.

V. Calculation of the Value of Detained and Sealed Up Commodities, Goods or Other Properties
In accordance with the stipulations of ARTICLES 25, 26, and 27 of the
Law for Tax Collection and Management, tax authorities, while carrying out
detaining and sealing up, shall calculate the value of detained and sealed
up commodities, goods or other properties according to the following
methods:
(1) While detaining and sealing up commodities and goods, tax
authorities shall calculate their value in accordance with the lowest
market purchasing prices at the given time and place.
(2) While detaining and sealing up valuable articles such as gold,
silver and jewelry, tax authorities shall calculate their value in
accordance with the purchasing price published by the special state
institution.
(3) While detaining and sealing up immovable properties, tax
authorities shall calculate the value in accordance with the value
assessed by the local property evaluation organization.
While determining the quantity of the detained and sealed up
commodities, goods or other properties in accordance with the
above-mentioned method, tax authorities shall also include in them the
expense occurred in the course of detaining, sealing up, keeping and
auctioning.

VI. Calculating the Value of Tax Guaranteed Property
In line with the stipulations of the Law for Tax Collection and
Management, the tax payer may use the not mortgage property or entrust
others with providing tax guarantee. While the tax payer or tax guarantor
uses not mortgage property as tax guarantee, the value of the property
shall be calculated in the method of conversion in line with the principle
of the stipulations set in the previous ARTICLE.

VII. The Payment of Tax
In line with the stipulations of the Law for Tax Collection and
Management and its Detailed Rules, tax authorities may use the income
gained from the selling of the detained, sealed up commodities, goods or
other properties to pay tax and overdue fine. With regard to that portion
of income that exceeds the dutiable tax, overdue fine and the expense on
keeping and auctioning, tax authorities shall return the remaining money
after deducting tax fine to the parties concerned; with regard to
deficiency in paying tax and overdue fine, tax authorities shall recollect
the money according to law.

VIII. Handling of Cases Regarding the Tax Payer Who Refuses to
Accept Tax Withheld In line with the stipulations of Clause 2 of
ARTICLE 19 of the Law for Tax Collection and Management, the withholding
agent shall, within 24 hours, report to tax authorities about the case in
which the tax paper refuses to accept tax withheld, tax authorities shall
handle the case in line with the stipulations of the Law for Tax
Collection and Management.

IX. Cancellation of Measures for Preservation of Tax
In accordance with the stipulation of ARTICLES 25 and 26 of the Law
for Tax Collection and Management, when the tax payer pays tax within the
time limit set by tax authorities after measures for the preservation of
tax are adopted by tax authorities, the tax authorities shall, within 24
hours after receiving the tax payments or the tax receipt sent back from
the bank, cancel the preservation of tax.

X. Refund of Extra Tax Money
In line with the stipulations of ARTICLE 30 of the Law for Tax
Collection and Management, with regard to extra levied tax that should be
returned to the tax payer, the tax authorities shall, within 60 days from
discovering or receiving the tax payer's application for refunding, return
the extra tax payment, or use the extra levied tax to pay the next
dutiable tax in compliance with the tax payer's request.

XI. Management of Tax Reduction and Exemption
In accordance with the stipulations of ARTICLE 21 of the Law of Tax
Collection and Management, the tax payer who applies for tax reduction or
exemption, shall submit a written report to the competent tax authorities
and send related materials in line with regulations. The tax payer can
enjoy tax reduction or exemption only after his application is examined
and approved by tax authorities within the specified limit of power. After
the expiration of the period of tax reduction or exemption, the tax payer
shall resume paying tax from the day following the expiration of the
period.
During the period of tax reduction or exemption, the tax payer shall
submit a declaration on tax payment in line with the stipulations of
Clause 1 of ARTICLE 16 of the Law for Tax Collection and Management, and
send in a statistical report on tax reduction or exemption in accordance
with the stipulations of tax authorities.
The tax payer shall use the tax money thus reduced or exempted in
line with the stipulations of the tax authorities, with regard to those
who do not use the money in accordance with the stipulated purposes, the
tax authorities have the right to cancel the tax reduction or exemption
granted to them and recover the already reduced and exempted tax.
When there are changes in the qualifications for enjoying tax
reduction or exemption, the tax payer shall promptly report to the tax
authorities who, after examination and verification, shall stop tax
reduction and exemption; as regards those who fail to submit a report, the
tax authorities have the right to recover the appropriate amount of
already reduced or exempted tax.
The tax payer who gains tax reduction or exemption by cheating shall
be punished without exception for tax evasion.
XII. These Regulations go into effect from the day of publication.


最高人民法院办公厅关于被判处徒刑宣告缓刑的被告在缓刑期间是否受管制和有无政治权利问题的答复

最高人民法院办公厅


最高人民法院办公厅关于被判处徒刑宣告缓刑的被告在缓刑期间是否受管制和有无政治权利问题的答复

1955年3月18日,最高人民法院办公厅

天津市高级人民法院:
你院1954年12月25日法群字第1058号函请示关于徒刑缓刑其被剥夺政治权利解释等问题,经与全国人民代表大会常委会办公厅联系,特作如下答复:
一、被判处徒刑宣告缓刑的被告,在缓刑期间是否受管制和有否公民权,除法律有明文规定者外,一般应根据法院的判决确定,即被判处者没有被宣告管制和剥夺政治权利的就不应管制和剥夺其政治权利。
二、关于宣告徒刑缓刑、管制、剥夺政治权利等人员的工资待遇和是否列入在册人员等问题,是属于行政上的问题,你院应与人事部门共同研究解决。
另将劳动部中劳密薪(55)字第002号函抄附参考。